Which type of assessment may include reviewing documents, system walk-thru, traffic analysis, or ARP tables?

The correct answer is Passive Assessment because this type of assessment primarily focuses on collecting information without interacting directly with the systems being evaluated. It typically involves methods such as reviewing documents and conducting system walkthroughs to gather intelligence about the current state of a system or environment. Traffic analysis is also a key component, as it allows assessors to monitor data flows without disrupting the normal operations of the network. Additionally, reviewing ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) tables can provide insights into the devices present in a network without actively probing them.

In contrast, other types of assessments, such as Active Assessments, involve direct interaction with systems, potentially affecting their performance or security posture. Gap Assessments typically focus on identifying discrepancies between current practices and best practices or regulatory requirements, rather than the technical details of system operations. Penetration Testing involves simulating attacks to find vulnerabilities, which requires active engagement with the system, unlike the observational and non-intrusive nature of Passive Assessments.